Monday, 7 April 2014

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS

Child abuse or child labour are becoming a universal phenomenon in the current world societies despite the fact that child’s rights are being recognized and to some extent, protected by legislations and constitutions in many country/countries of the world. Child abuse has been defined by the African network for the prevention and protection against child abuse and neglect (ANPPCAN) as the international and unintentional acts which endanger the physical, health, emotional, moral and the educational welfare of the child. Abuse of a child is anything that causes injury or puts the child in danger of physical injury.
Child abuse can be physical (such as burns of broken bones) (such as touching of private parts or incest), or emotional (such as belittling or calling the child names). Hopper (2004) also described child abuse as any act of maltreatment or subjection that endangers a child’s physical, emotional and health development child abuse or child neglect consists of any acts of commission or omission by a parent or the caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or the threat of harm to a child (0 – 18 years of age) even if the harm is unintentional (Gilbert, Spartz, Widom, et al 2009). The five main types of child abuse are: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional maltreatment, neglect and witnessing domestic violence. Evidence suggests that different types of abuse and neglects rarely occur in isolation and children who experience repeated maltreatment often experience multiples forms of abuse (Higgins, 2004).
Gelles (1997), affirmed that child maltreatment include not only physical assault but also malnourishment, abandonment, neglect, emotional abuse and sexual abuse.



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