BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

2.0 INTRODUCTION
The biotechnology program comprises of four sub-units namely:
i Carotene laboratory unit
ii Plant tissue culture laboratory unit
iii Biotechnology field work unit
iv Molecular Breeding unit.

Prevention and control of Diagnosis of Escherichia coli

E. coli infections and diseases can be prevented and controlled through the following ways: E. coli infections and diseases can be controlled by Washing of hands before and after cooking of foods, Avoiding cross contamination of food substances or stuffs; Constant keeping food in the refrigerator or to frozen; Ensuring that foods is kept at appropriate temperature;

PREVALENCE OF ENTERIC BACTERIA (Escherichia coli & Klebsiella SPECIES) IMPLICATED WITH FRESH WATER AQUARIUM SNAILS (Achatina achatina) SOLD AT VARIOUS MARKETS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Snail is a common name which is applied to most of the members of the molluscan class gastropoda that have coiled shells in the adult stage (Fredericks, 2010). When the word is used in its most general sense, it includes sea Snails, land snails and freshwater snails. The word snail without any qualifier is however more often applied to land snails than to those from the sea or freshwater. However, some species of snails called aquarium snail are often found in the aquatic habitat with a coiled shell (Fredericks, 2010). 

PREVALENCE OF ENTERIC BACTERIA (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella SPECIES) IMPLICATED WITH FRESH WATER AQUARIUM SNAILS (Achatina achatina) SOLD AT VARIOUS MARKETS.

ABSTRACT

A total of 37 snail samples of Giant Africa Land Snail (Achatina achatina) were obtained from four different markets in Abakaliki metropolis. The snail samples were processed using microbiological standard and biochemical tests to confirm the presence of isolates that were implicated. The study revealed the presence of (E. coli and Klebsiella species of bacteria were isolated. They include 24 Escherichia coli with the percentage of 64.86 and 13 Klebsiella species with the percentage of

Composition of Microbial Air Contamination

Composition of Microbial Air Contamination

microorganisms  participate significantly in air con¬tamination . In 2002 the concentration of fungi exceeded bacterial contents across almost all year and  the distribution of fungi and bacteria was on average equal in july 2003, (Reponen et al.2003).

Study to examine microbiologically the quality of the out door air (the level of microorganism in the air) of piggery farm 2

1.3 Scope of the Study

This research microbiological analysis of out door air quality is limited to piggery farm area of Ebonyi State University of Nigeria, Abakiliki.

1.4 Aim of the study

The aim of the study is to examine

What is wistar rats

What is wistar rats:

Wistar rats are laboratory rats which have red eyes and white fur that are used for scientific research in various fields of human endeavour. They are of the species Rattus norvegicus which is bred and kept for scientific research. Wistar rats have served as important animal model for research in biotechnology, biochemistry, psychology, medicine and other fields (Ben-Ami Bartal et al., 2011). The Wistar rats are outbred stocks used in all fields of medicine and biological researches. Its longevity and high rate of spontaneous tumours make it an ideal choice for ageing studies. Wistar rat is an albino strain, easy-to-handle, it is however slower than Long Evans rat (Pettitt et al., 2009).

Result of Field Performance of C. zizanioides and C. nigritanus

4.1.1    Growth on Land

Results of field performances showed that growth parameters varied in both species. The highest leaf length and width observed in C. nigritanus was 84 cm and 1.1 cm respectively, while, those in C. zizanioides were 66.5 cm and 0.9 cm respectively (Table 1).

Table 1: Growth parameters of C. zizanioides and C. nigritanus after 12 weeks in the field.

Weeks	No. of fresh leaves		Number of tillers		No. of dead leaves		Area of fresh leaves
	C. zizanioides	C. nigritanus	C. zizanioides	C. nigritanus	C. zizanioides	C. nigritanus	C. zizanioides	C. nigritanus
Week 2	21	29	5	7	11

Metal Threshold Level of Vetiver and Adaptive potential

Metal Threshold Level of Vetiver

The tolerance level of plants to various contaminants is a major factor that affects phytoremediation. The threshold level of C. zizanioides has been demonstrated by Truong (1999) and found to be as follows: Arsenic 0.02 – 7.5mg/L, Cadmium 0.2 – 9.0mg/L, Copper 0.5 – 8.0mg/L, Chromium 0.5 – 10.0mg/L, and Nickel 0.5 – 2.0mg/L. The removal rates for Copper ranges from 4.1 % to 36.7 %, 6.9 to 15.3 % for Zn, and 6.9 to 57 % for Pb (Chen, Shiyab, Han, Monts, and Waggoner, 2009).

The use of Vetiver in the clean-up of major wastewater sources

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of Study

Wastewater has been a major source of contamination since the beginning of the industrial age. Globally, two million tons of sewage, industrial and agricultural toxic waste is discharged into the world’s waterways and at least 1.8 million children under five years die every year, or one in every 20 seconds from water related

SOURCES OF BIOAEROSOL

Bioaerosol are considered ubiquitous constituents of the atmosphere, as a large number of these particles are small-sized microorganisms. Estimates of biomass content in the atmospheric particulate having an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5µm (pm2.5) range from 3% to 11% by weight (Boreson et al., 2004; Peccia et al., 2006), whereas other studies have estimated that up to 25% of the insuble fractions of aerosols is made of biological materials (Peccia et al., 2006; Jones et al., 2004).

EFFECTS OF BIOAEROSOLS ON HUMANS

Several findings of epidemiological research indicate that exposure to high concentration of microorganisms frequently leads to allergies, asthma, hay fever (Bjornsson et al., 1995; Newson et al., 2000), pneumonia (Siersted and Gravesen, 1993), and many other health side-effects, including infections (Renn et al., 2001). In recent years, dramatic increase in the number of allergic reactions to fungal sores has been reported, and young people do constitute a large group of allergic sufferers, whose symptoms persist throughout the year (Jain, 2000). It has also been established that bioaerosols may account for 10-20% of all endemic

Types of Epidemiology Studies

Below is a flow chart to help us understand how study types are classified. Each type is then discussed individually below.

Descriptional features of fungal isolates

S/N	Colour	Consistency	Microscopy features	Lactophenol cotton blue	Suspected fungal isolate
1	Nearly green	Grey fluffy mycelium	chains of single cell Conidia spherical, rod and regular in size	+	Penicillium species

Characterization and identification of fungi isolate

The fungi isolate were identifed on the bases of colonial morphology followed by microscopic examination after lactophenol staining.

Scientific description of Shrimp

Penaeus aztecus is an edible crustacean which belongs to the kingdom animalia. Large specimens of P. aztecus mades attain adult size of approximately 195mm in length, while large female specimens may reach 236mm in length (Williams, 1955)  and become reproductive when grown to the size of 140mm (Renfro, 1964).

Scientific Classification

P. aztecus currently known as Farfantepenaeus aztecus is scientifically

THE STUDY OF FUNGAL QUALITY OF FRESH SHRIMP

ABSTRACT
Fungal quality of fresh shrimp collected from Ndibe-Beach in Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria was investigated by standard microbiological procedures. The shrimp was found to be contaminated with five fungal isolates belonging to different genera at varying loads; Aspergillus species, Penicillium species, Mucor species, Fusarium species and Rhizopus species. Samples of the head, body and tail showed an average fungal load of 2.07x106, 0.39x106 and 0.79x106 respectively. The percentage of occurrence showed that Aspergillus species have the highest frequency of 8(25.0%) for vendor A, 7(28.0%) for vendor B and 7(27.0%) for vendor C while Rhizopus species have the lowest frequency of occurrence of 4(12.5%), 4(16.0%) and 3(11.5%) for vendors A, B and C

Diet for the Lactating Mother

A good diet is valuable for successful breast-feeding as well as mother good health. Although the mother’s body is able to produce milk ever if she is malnourished. If she does not eat well lactation will begin to deplete her own bodily stores. This can leave mother fatigued which will eventually affect her supply. With a few exceptions mother’s nutritional requirements during pregnancy and the breast feeding months are

Developing a Positive Attitude Towards Exclusive Breast-Feeding

Mothers should not overload the influence of their mind and emotions in breast-feeding. Psychological and emotional preparation for breast-feeding is more important than physical preparations. The way the mother and father feel about breast-feeding will greatly influence whether or not breastfeeding is

Myths About Breast Feeding

A reason given by many mother for avoiding breastfeeding is flat if will spoilt their feels and cause the breast to sag. These two. Statements are untrue. A women who breastfeeds her baby does not need to stiff herself with food. The has already got a store of fat during pregnancy for this very purpose, which she can born up. Nor do mothers who feed their babies develop sagging breast. After a pregnancy the breasts is a little more mature and sift rather than being pointed and firm, but it will not sag, particularly if during the pverperium the mother wears a well fifty bra, day and night.