(1) Parents or Caregivers: A parent's childhood history plays a large part in how he or she may behave as a parent. Individuals with poor parental role models or caregivers were victim's abuse and neglect themselves as children. One review of the relevant research suggested that about one-third of all individuals who were maltreated will subject their children to maltreatment. Children who either experienced maltreatment or witnessed violence between their parents or caregivers may learn violent behaviours and may also learn to justify violent behaviours appropriate. Substance abuse is reported to be a contributing factor for between one & two-third of maltreated children in the child welfare system. For example, A retrospective study of maltreatment experience in Chicago found children whose parents abused alcohol and other drugs were almost three times likelier to be abused and more than four times likelier to be neglected that children of parents who were not substance abuses.
A department of health and human science study found all types of maltreatment and particularly neglect, to be more likely in alcohol abusing families than in non-alcohol-abusing families.
(2) Family Structure: Children living with single parents may be at higher risk of experiencing physical and sexual abuse and neglect that children living with two biological parents. Single parent households are substantially more likely to have incomes below the poverty line. Lower income, the increased stress associated with the role or sole burden of family responsibilities, and fewer supports are thought to contribute to the risk of single parents maltreating their children. In 1998, 23 percent of children lived in households with a single father. A strong, positive relationship between the child and the father, whether he resides in the home cannot contributes to the child's development and may lessen the risk of abuse for example:
The rate of child abuse in single parent household is 27.3 children per 1000 which is nearly twice the rate of child abuse in two parent households (15.5 children per 1000).
An analysis of child abuse cases in a national representative sample of 42 countries found that children from single parent families are more likely to be victims of physical and sexual abuse than children who live with both biological parents compared to their peers living with both parents. Children in single parent homes had:
77 percent greater risk of being physically abused.
87 percent greater risk of being harmed by physical neglect.
165 percent greater risk of experiencing notable physical neglect.
74 percent greater risk of suffering from emotional neglect.
30 percent greater risk of suffering serious injury as a result of abuse.
120 percent greater risk of experiencing some type of maltreatment overall.
A national survey of nearly 1000 parents found that 7.4 percent of children who lived with one parent had been sexually abused, compared to children who lived with both biological parents.
Using data from 1000 students tracked from seventh or eight grade in 1988 through high school in 1992, researchers determined that only 3.2 percent of boys and girls who were raised with both biological parents had a history of maltreatment. However, a full 18.6 percent of those in other family situations had been maltreated.
(3) Child Factor: Children are not responsible for being victims of maltreatment. Certain factors however can make some children more vulnerable to maltreating behaviours. The child age and development – physical, mental, emotional and social may increase the child's vulnerability to maltreatment, depending on the interactions of these characteristics with the parental factors previously discussed.
Age, the relationship between a child's age and maltreatment, in 2000, for example, the rate of documented maltreatment was highest for children between birth and 3 years of age (15.7 victims per 1000 of this age in the population) and declined as age increased. The inverse relationship between age and maltreatment is particularly strong for neglect, but not as evident for other types of maltreatment (physical, sexual abuse, emotional). Child factors such as aggression, attention deficits, difficult temperaments, and behaviours problems or the parental perceptions of such problems have been associated with increased risk for all types of child maltreatment. These factors may contribute indirectly to child maltreatment when interacting with certain parental characteristics, such as poor coping skills, poor ability to empathize with the child, or difficult controlling emotions.
(4) Poverty and Unemployment: Poverty and unemployment show strong associations with child maltreatments, particularly neglect. The NIS-3 study, for example, found that children from families with annual incomes below $1500 in1993 were more than 22 times more likely to be harmed by child abuse and neglect as compared to children from families with annual incomes above $30,000. It is important to underscore that most poor people do not maltreat their children. However, poverty particularly when interacting with other risk factors such as depression, substance abuse, and social isolation can increase the likelihood of maltreatment. In 1995, 85 percent of states identified poverty and substance abuse as the top two problems challenging families reported to child protective service (C.P.S) agencies.
A department of health and human science study found all types of maltreatment and particularly neglect, to be more likely in alcohol abusing families than in non-alcohol-abusing families.
(2) Family Structure: Children living with single parents may be at higher risk of experiencing physical and sexual abuse and neglect that children living with two biological parents. Single parent households are substantially more likely to have incomes below the poverty line. Lower income, the increased stress associated with the role or sole burden of family responsibilities, and fewer supports are thought to contribute to the risk of single parents maltreating their children. In 1998, 23 percent of children lived in households with a single father. A strong, positive relationship between the child and the father, whether he resides in the home cannot contributes to the child's development and may lessen the risk of abuse for example:
The rate of child abuse in single parent household is 27.3 children per 1000 which is nearly twice the rate of child abuse in two parent households (15.5 children per 1000).
An analysis of child abuse cases in a national representative sample of 42 countries found that children from single parent families are more likely to be victims of physical and sexual abuse than children who live with both biological parents compared to their peers living with both parents. Children in single parent homes had:
77 percent greater risk of being physically abused.
87 percent greater risk of being harmed by physical neglect.
165 percent greater risk of experiencing notable physical neglect.
74 percent greater risk of suffering from emotional neglect.
30 percent greater risk of suffering serious injury as a result of abuse.
120 percent greater risk of experiencing some type of maltreatment overall.
A national survey of nearly 1000 parents found that 7.4 percent of children who lived with one parent had been sexually abused, compared to children who lived with both biological parents.
Using data from 1000 students tracked from seventh or eight grade in 1988 through high school in 1992, researchers determined that only 3.2 percent of boys and girls who were raised with both biological parents had a history of maltreatment. However, a full 18.6 percent of those in other family situations had been maltreated.
(3) Child Factor: Children are not responsible for being victims of maltreatment. Certain factors however can make some children more vulnerable to maltreating behaviours. The child age and development – physical, mental, emotional and social may increase the child's vulnerability to maltreatment, depending on the interactions of these characteristics with the parental factors previously discussed.
Age, the relationship between a child's age and maltreatment, in 2000, for example, the rate of documented maltreatment was highest for children between birth and 3 years of age (15.7 victims per 1000 of this age in the population) and declined as age increased. The inverse relationship between age and maltreatment is particularly strong for neglect, but not as evident for other types of maltreatment (physical, sexual abuse, emotional). Child factors such as aggression, attention deficits, difficult temperaments, and behaviours problems or the parental perceptions of such problems have been associated with increased risk for all types of child maltreatment. These factors may contribute indirectly to child maltreatment when interacting with certain parental characteristics, such as poor coping skills, poor ability to empathize with the child, or difficult controlling emotions.
(4) Poverty and Unemployment: Poverty and unemployment show strong associations with child maltreatments, particularly neglect. The NIS-3 study, for example, found that children from families with annual incomes below $1500 in1993 were more than 22 times more likely to be harmed by child abuse and neglect as compared to children from families with annual incomes above $30,000. It is important to underscore that most poor people do not maltreat their children. However, poverty particularly when interacting with other risk factors such as depression, substance abuse, and social isolation can increase the likelihood of maltreatment. In 1995, 85 percent of states identified poverty and substance abuse as the top two problems challenging families reported to child protective service (C.P.S) agencies.
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