Examination malpractice is a deliberate act of wrong doing, contrary tom official examination rules, designed to place a candidates at an unfair advantage or disadvantage over others.
Denga and Denga (2001) gave an outline of examination malpractice ranging from simple grafting when students stretch their neck, (eyes) to see other students answer scripts to a variety of sophisticated through this gracefully inconceivable means. Itemized below are some of the various forms of examination malpractice:
1. Cheating: Cheating occurs in three specific instances, it occurs in examination hall, at the marking stage and at collating stage. In the examination hall, students may introduce parts of the lecture notes and other elicits materials into the examination to use in answering the questions.
Copying forms peers, exchange of answer sheets or subscripts to trade points, array with other students to give or receive answer by signal during examination, arrange to sit with bright students in order to copy from them, write critical formular on notes or parts of their bodies that are not easily exposed to the invigilators, copying some vital points on handher chiefs or on their desks which they regard as private prosperity and cannot be searched and so on.
At the marking stage, examination malpractice can occur during marketing exercise such practices include: marker malpractice. In this instance a corrupt marker may be influence to deliberately alter marks designed to inflate or deflects a candidate original mark. Awards and certificate in the past, assurance of certificate was solely confined to examination bodies. In the recent years, printers and syndicates with high technology deliberately enhance initial award and/or certificates.
2. Examination Development: The common forms of examination malpractice at this level are leakage. Here the content of the examination is revealed or disclosed to the examination candidate prior to taking the examination. In most cases, it usually involves one or more of the members of the examination bodies-printer, messengers among others.
3. Examination Administrator: During administration of examinations, several forms of malpractice take place which is impersonation: here an individual who is not register. This often is made possible through the collision between such cases. University students and sometimes teachers take money from examination candidate to write examination on their behalf.
4. Smuggling of Foreign Materials: This is the most common form of examination malpractice. It relates to the introduction of unauthorized materials (e.g points, charts answer booklets etc) into the examination hall. Such materials are usually smuggled into the examination hall by the candidate in parts shoe, herms, bras or information written in part of their body.
5. Collision: In collision malpractice, candidate dates enhance by inadequate spacing may engage in unauthorized passing of information between themselves.
6. Intimation: Examination officials, including supervisors and make and physically assaulted or threatened by the candidate or people seeking support from the candidates.
7. Substitution of Scripts: In this car, examination officials, invigilator and sometime teachers assist candidates in replacing answer sheets handed out during the course of the examination with one written outside the centre before, during or after the examination.
8. Ghost Centers: Fictitious examination centers established by corrupt examination board officials help candidate complete the examination without adequate supervision.
Examination Malpractice (EM) occurs in the various dimension in the school system and at different stages of examination namely: pre-examination phase, during examination and post- examination phase, forms/dimension differ, sometimes the dimensions are peculiar to institutions of learning where Examination Malpractice (EM) is practiced.
9. Pre – Examination: Before the commencement of most public examination, some misconducts normally, occurs, which include:
i. Registration of more candidates for monetary gains by the school administrators.
ii. Migration form down to interior village by students/candidate, some of them supported by their parent’s guardians.
iii. False Continuous Assessment (CA) scores by teachers.
iv. Registration of more candidate than the available functional sitting capacity in most examination centers.
v. Collection of money from candidates prior to examination dates by invigilators and supervisor to facilitate.
vi. Sometimes, some candidate do pay for two registration forms to enable achieve unfair advantage or disadvantage over others.
10. During Examination Phase: it is almost impossible to enumerate the various forms of examination malpractice that occurs in schools. At this stage the students are daring, ready to implement their pre-planned dimensions of cheating “by them”. However, some common malpractice like copying from neighours through girrafing, use of prepared materials asking questions from fellow candidates, use of cell phones willingly in the hall with stored answers to receive and send text message to their friends/ machineries outside the examination balls, use of prepared materials in braziers (common among female students) and may other nefarious ways of cheating during examination post examination phase.
Denga and Denga (2001) gave an outline of examination malpractice ranging from simple grafting when students stretch their neck, (eyes) to see other students answer scripts to a variety of sophisticated through this gracefully inconceivable means. Itemized below are some of the various forms of examination malpractice:
1. Cheating: Cheating occurs in three specific instances, it occurs in examination hall, at the marking stage and at collating stage. In the examination hall, students may introduce parts of the lecture notes and other elicits materials into the examination to use in answering the questions.
Copying forms peers, exchange of answer sheets or subscripts to trade points, array with other students to give or receive answer by signal during examination, arrange to sit with bright students in order to copy from them, write critical formular on notes or parts of their bodies that are not easily exposed to the invigilators, copying some vital points on handher chiefs or on their desks which they regard as private prosperity and cannot be searched and so on.
At the marking stage, examination malpractice can occur during marketing exercise such practices include: marker malpractice. In this instance a corrupt marker may be influence to deliberately alter marks designed to inflate or deflects a candidate original mark. Awards and certificate in the past, assurance of certificate was solely confined to examination bodies. In the recent years, printers and syndicates with high technology deliberately enhance initial award and/or certificates.
2. Examination Development: The common forms of examination malpractice at this level are leakage. Here the content of the examination is revealed or disclosed to the examination candidate prior to taking the examination. In most cases, it usually involves one or more of the members of the examination bodies-printer, messengers among others.
3. Examination Administrator: During administration of examinations, several forms of malpractice take place which is impersonation: here an individual who is not register. This often is made possible through the collision between such cases. University students and sometimes teachers take money from examination candidate to write examination on their behalf.
4. Smuggling of Foreign Materials: This is the most common form of examination malpractice. It relates to the introduction of unauthorized materials (e.g points, charts answer booklets etc) into the examination hall. Such materials are usually smuggled into the examination hall by the candidate in parts shoe, herms, bras or information written in part of their body.
5. Collision: In collision malpractice, candidate dates enhance by inadequate spacing may engage in unauthorized passing of information between themselves.
6. Intimation: Examination officials, including supervisors and make and physically assaulted or threatened by the candidate or people seeking support from the candidates.
7. Substitution of Scripts: In this car, examination officials, invigilator and sometime teachers assist candidates in replacing answer sheets handed out during the course of the examination with one written outside the centre before, during or after the examination.
8. Ghost Centers: Fictitious examination centers established by corrupt examination board officials help candidate complete the examination without adequate supervision.
Examination Malpractice (EM) occurs in the various dimension in the school system and at different stages of examination namely: pre-examination phase, during examination and post- examination phase, forms/dimension differ, sometimes the dimensions are peculiar to institutions of learning where Examination Malpractice (EM) is practiced.
9. Pre – Examination: Before the commencement of most public examination, some misconducts normally, occurs, which include:
i. Registration of more candidates for monetary gains by the school administrators.
ii. Migration form down to interior village by students/candidate, some of them supported by their parent’s guardians.
iii. False Continuous Assessment (CA) scores by teachers.
iv. Registration of more candidate than the available functional sitting capacity in most examination centers.
v. Collection of money from candidates prior to examination dates by invigilators and supervisor to facilitate.
vi. Sometimes, some candidate do pay for two registration forms to enable achieve unfair advantage or disadvantage over others.
10. During Examination Phase: it is almost impossible to enumerate the various forms of examination malpractice that occurs in schools. At this stage the students are daring, ready to implement their pre-planned dimensions of cheating “by them”. However, some common malpractice like copying from neighours through girrafing, use of prepared materials asking questions from fellow candidates, use of cell phones willingly in the hall with stored answers to receive and send text message to their friends/ machineries outside the examination balls, use of prepared materials in braziers (common among female students) and may other nefarious ways of cheating during examination post examination phase.
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