Examination malpractice is caused by many factors which include:
a. Student Factors: The students are the primary culprits in all matters of examination malpractice. Factors under student issues include:
i. Laziness and lack of interest in academic work. Most students are generally lazy, they do not attend classes as at when due, and so become ill-prepared for examinations. Students often think they will be helped during examinations; therefore they pay little or no attention to hard work.
ii. Inability of the students to cope with school work (examination expectations).
iii. Inadequate preparation for examination by students is another major student factor that contributes to examination malpractice. Most students have very poor study habits and cannot cover their syllabuses before examination.
a. Student Factors: The students are the primary culprits in all matters of examination malpractice. Factors under student issues include:
i. Laziness and lack of interest in academic work. Most students are generally lazy, they do not attend classes as at when due, and so become ill-prepared for examinations. Students often think they will be helped during examinations; therefore they pay little or no attention to hard work.
ii. Inability of the students to cope with school work (examination expectations).
iii. Inadequate preparation for examination by students is another major student factor that contributes to examination malpractice. Most students have very poor study habits and cannot cover their syllabuses before examination.
iv. The desire to pass examination at all cost to please parents and themselves, even when they have little or no preparations before examination.
v. Poor self-respect/self-discipline and low self-esteem by students. Most students lack self-confidence to face examinations on their own without being helped to pass.
vi. Poor value orientation. The students in this 21st century have lost values like honesty, integrity and self-respect, hence cheating in examinations.
vii. Wrong choice of subjects of study/career. Some students make wrong choices in school subjects due to ignorance, parental pressure and other personal reasons leading to poor performance in their academic work and ill-preparation for examinations. They resort to examination malpractice to survive in the school system.
viii. On the part of the students also is the issue of stress and anxiety in trying to meet the various demands of subjects often lead to examination malpractice.
b. Teachers’/School Administrators’/Proprietors’ Factors: Some teachers, school administrators and proprietors of private schools are just dishonest and allow themselves to be involved in examination malpractice. The “my school scored 100%” syndrome, also contributes to examination malpractice by this group of stakeholders. Some teachers are lazy and unable to cover the stipulated syllabuses in subjects they teach, leading to the students being ill-prepared for examination, and therefore pushed into malpractices during examination.
c. Undue Emphasis on Certificate: In Nigeria, there is undue emphasis placed on certificate, and this causes examination. The certificate mentality has made Nigerians to perceive education as being synonymous with obtaining certificate as the only means of getting a job. As a result of this trend and pressure, honesty in examination is no longer a cherished value. The economy in the country also causes examination malpractice. The officials who are responsible for conducting public examinations as well as teachers, invigilators/supervisors have low income to meet their ever growing human needs/wants, and so they often see examination malpractice as a quick way of getting money to meet these needs (Joshua, 2008).
d. None Application of Sanctions by Government: The relevant laws in the school system have prescribed different sanctions for different forms of examination malpractice. But often times, the government agencies (which include school administrators, Ministry of Education, University senates, governing boards etc.) do not have or display the will power to enforce the relevant sanctions and punish the offenders. This nonchalant or impotence on the part of agencies/bodies to implement the laws encourages other people to perpetuate examination malpractice as “nothing will happen even when caught”.
e. Environmental Factors: Most examination centres in Nigeria do not have enough writing desks for students, and other necessary facilities. This often results in over-crowding and cheating during examinations. Within the learning environment (classrooms), most teachers have obsolete instructional materials and unexciting classroom environments that are not conducive for teaching and learning.
f. Poor Library Facilities: Most secondary schools have very poor and inadequate library facilities that are of little or no use to both students and staffs. Some libraries, where they exist are filled with outdated books with non-usable information.
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