Examination malpractice occurs in various dimensions in the school system, and at different stages of the examination namely: pre-examination phase, during examination and post-examination phase. At each phase, the formal dimensions differ, sometimes; the dimensions are peculiar to institutions of learning where examination malpractice is practiced.
A. Pre-Examination Phase: Before the commencement of most public examinations, some misconducts normally occur which include:
A. Pre-Examination Phase: Before the commencement of most public examinations, some misconducts normally occur which include:
i. Registration of non-school candidates for monetary gains by the school administrators.
ii. Migration from towns to interior villages by students/candidates, some of them supported by their parents/guardians.
iii. False continuous assessment scores by teachers.
iv. Registration of more candidates then the available functional sitting capacity in most examination centres.
v. Collection of money from candidates prior to examination dates by invigilators/supervisors to facilitate malpractices at examination halls.
vi. Imposing impersonators’ photographs on original registration forms by school administrators.
vii. Sometimes, some candidates do pay for two registration forms.
viii. Leakage from examination bodies where questions are circulated either through soft/electronic or hard copies to anxious candidates for payments of various amounts of money.
B. During Examination Phase: It is almost impossible to enumerate the various forms of examination malpractice that occurs in schools. At this stage, the students are daring, ready to implement their pre-planned dimensions of cheating ‘manufactured by them’. However, some common malpractice include copying from neighbours through giraffing, use of prepared materials, notebooks, textbooks, magazines, asking questing from fellow candidates, using the backside of question papers, using handkerchief, underwear (skirts, pants, singlet, pockets of trousers) to write answers, use of cell phones within the hall with stored answers to receive and sent text messages to their friends/mercenaries outside examination halls, use of prepared materials copied on mathematical sets, stockings and socks, wrapper etc. use of under caps/hats to hide prepared materials, writing on designated desks and walls near seats in examination halls, placing of reading materials to their thighs with rubber bands, disposition of prepared materials in braziers (common among female students), and many others nefarious ways of cheating during examinations.
C. Post-Examination Phase: Examination malpractice often occurs also after the examinations must have been taken. Common forms at this state include:
i. Re-packaging of scripts to include those written outside examination hall in collaboration with invigilators/supervisors.
ii. Payment of money to examiners/markers for some favours, including re-writing the examination.
iii. Corrupt practices of computer operators in examination bodies who obtain money from candidates to change grades/scores.
iv. General ‘sorting’ particularly with officials of examination bodies and examiners to post grades that they never earned or merited (Joshua 2008, Ojerinde, 2005 in Obo, 2008).
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