PREVALENCE OF ENTERIC BACTERIA (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella SPECIES) IMPLICATED WITH FRESH WATER AQUARIUM SNAILS (Achatina achatina) SOLD AT VARIOUS MARKETS.

ABSTRACT

A total of 37 snail samples of Giant Africa Land Snail (Achatina achatina) were obtained from four different markets in Abakaliki metropolis. The snail samples were processed using microbiological standard and biochemical tests to confirm the presence of isolates that were implicated. The study revealed the presence of (E. coli and Klebsiella species of bacteria were isolated. They include 24 Escherichia coli with the percentage of 64.86 and 13 Klebsiella species with the percentage of

35.14. The results showed that Achatina achatina contains much E. coli and Klebsiella species. Due to the fact that the bacteria isolate present health related challenges on consumption of snail, there is the need for snails to be properly washed and cooked before eating. Studies on the prevalence of enteric bacteria (E. coli and Klebsiella species) implicated with fresh water aquarium snails (Achatina achatina) sold in Abakaliki markets, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page - - - - - - - - - - - i

Certification - - - - - - - - - - - ii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - iii

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - - iv

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - v

List of Tables - - - - - - -- - - - ix

List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - x

Abstract - - - -- - - - - - - - xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Aim - - - - - - - - - - - 4

1.3 Specific Objectives - - - - - - - - - 4

1.4 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - - - 5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Snail Farming - - - - - - - - - - 8

2.1.1 Requirements before Starting - - - - - - - - 9

2.1.2 Selection of Site - - - - - - - - - 10

2.1.3 Choice of Breeding Stock - - - - - - - -11

2.1.4 Good Strong Shell - - - - - - - - - 12

2.1.5 Snails that Fill their Shell - - - - - - - - 12

2.1.6 Fully-Grown Snails - - - - - - - - -12

2.1.7 Large Snails - - - - - - - - - - 12

2.1.8 Same Kind of Snail - - - - - - - - - 13

2.1.9 Types of Snails to Farm - - - - - - - - 13

2.1.10 Snail Eggs - - - - - -- - - - - 15

2.1.11 Feeds and Feeding of Aquarium Snails - - - - - - 15

2.1.12 Food Plants: 2.2 Associates of Enteric Bacteria with Aquarium Snail - - 16

2.2 Associates of Enteric Bacteria with Aquarium Snail - - - - - 21

2.3 Aetiology of Human Bacterial Infections from the Consumption of Snails - - 21

2.4 Enteric Bacteria and Food Borne Pathogens Associated with Aquarium Snails - 24

2.5 Escherichia coli - - - - - - - - - - 25

2.6 Morphological of Escherichia coli - - - - - - - -26

2.7 Clinical Manifestation of Escherichia coli - - - - - - 27

2.7.1 Methods of Diagnosis of Escherichia coli - - - - - - 27

2.7.2 Treatment of Diagnosis of Escherichia coli - - - - - -28

2.7.3 Prevention and control of Diagnosis of Escherichia coli - - - - 28

2.7.4 Involvement of Escherichia coli with Snails - - - - - - 28

2.7.5 Mode of transmission of Escherichia coli - - - - - - 29

2.7.6 Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli - - - - - - -30

2.7.7 Klebsiella pneumonia - - - - - - - - - 30

2.7.8 Klebsiella pneumonia Morphology - - - - - - -32

2.8 Epidemiology - - - - - - - - - - 33

2.8.1 Involvement of Klebsiella pneumonia with Snails - - - - - 34

2.8.2 Mode of Transmission of Klebsiella pneumonia - - - - - 35  

2.8.3 Pathogenesis Klebsiella pneumonia - - - - - - - 36

2.8.4 Incubation/Infectious Dose/Colonization - - - - - - 37

2.8.5 Clinical manifestation of Klebsiella pneumonia - - - - - 38

2.8.6 Methods of Diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumonia - - - - - 39

2.9 Culture Method - - - - - - - - - - 40

2.9.1 Treatment - - - - - - - - - - 40

2.9.2 Antibiotic Therapy - - - - - - - - - 41

2.9.3 Prevention and Control - - - - - - - - 41

2.9.4 Clinical Features - - - - - - - - - 42

2.9.5 Symptoms - - - - - - - - - - 42

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Materials used in the study include among others - - - - - 44

3.1.1 Reagent - - - - - - - - - - 44

3.1.2 Chemical - - - - - - - - - - 44

3.1.3 Sample Size - - - - - - - - - - 44

3.1.4 Method of Snails collection - - - - - - - - 44

3.2 Transportation of Snail Collected to Laboratory - - - - - 45

3.2.1 Snail processing - - - - - - - - - 45

3.2.2 Method of Sample Processing: Procedure - - - - - - 45

3.2.3 Snail Dissection - - - - - - - - 45

3.3 Preparation of Culture Media - - - - - - - - 46

3.4 Inoculation of the Culture Media - - - - - - - 47

3.4.1 Isolation and Characterization of Isolate(s) - - - - - - 47

3.4.2 Morphological Observation - - - - - - - 47

3.4.3 Biochemical Tests - - - - - - - - - 48

3.4.4 Indole Test - - - - - - - - - - 48

3.4.5 Methyl Red Test - - - -- - - - - 49

3.4.6 Procedure of Methyl Red Test - - - - - - - - 50

3.4.7 Voges Proskauer Test- - - - - - - - - 50

3.4.8 Procedure for Voges Proskauer (VP) Test - - - - - - 50

3.5 Citrate Utilization Test - - - - - - - - - 51

3.5.1 Procedure for Citrate Test - - - - - - - - 51

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 

5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 60

5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - - - - 62

References - - - - - -- - - - - - 63

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Market distribution of Snail species used in the study - - - - 53

2 Distribution of bacterial species isolates from snails bought in different 

markets at Abakaliki -- - - - - - - - 54

3 The bacterial species isolates distribution of (E, coli and Klebsiella 

species) among Achatina achatina snail species sold at four major markets 

in Abakaliki - -- - - - - - - - - 55

4 Morphological and gram staining characterization of bacterial isolates - - 56

 5 Biochemical characterization of the bacterial isolates from 

edible snails (A.achatina) collected from Abakaliki metropolis - - -  57

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