Denga (1998)
agrees that the causes of examination malpractice have boiled down to three
factors namely:
i.
Psychological
ii.
Environmental
iii.
Intelligence
i. Psychological: This includes all the stress which is
often induced by parent(s), the peer pressure and student(s). They experienced
enormous stress and anxiety in trying to meet the various demands of subject
significantly.
A study conducted by Drake (1941) Monday
(1971) and Killer (1976) support this psychological reason. The stress and anxiety experienced by
students during examination are conspicuous.
Thus it has been criticized because students tend to develop undesirable
habit Ward (1986), Lamin (1984), Murphy (1988) which normally lead them to be
poorly prepared for examination and subsequently expose them in engaging in
examination malpractice and misconduct.
This psychological factors also bring in Maslow Motivational Theories
which emphasize the basic needs and physiological needs of man.
He argues that, these needs motivate and
enhance learning, that if a student’s physiological need is not physically met,
it will affect his concentration in teaching and learning situation, thereby
preparing the students’ cognition at a very low level and encourage the
students to engage in all sort of misconduct and examination malpractice.
ii. Environmental
Factor: This is another factor
stated by Denga (1983) that basically led students/co-readers to examination
malpractices and misconduct. The
environmental factor include, the crowded nature of the classroom/theatres as
well as examination hall, with few invigilators during examination.
Teacher inability to cover the
stipulated syllabus for the period being stated before an internal or external
examination like promotional examination, West African Examination Council or
even Joint Admission and Matriculation Board. Obsolete and obscured
instructional material, which are inadequate in school may force some students
to cheat even if they do not want to cheat in an examination.
iii. Intelligence Factors: Adeloye (2004), in his book stated
that the concept of individual must be built at the black of our mind when
comparing academic competence, ability and comprehensive of one student with
another.
The
failure of students to recognize the fact that intelligence Quotient (IQ)
differs and cannot be compared with others.
Thus academically the student will at a time try to compare himself with
naturally gifted students, who are brilliant while the weak academic student is
not able to meet up with the challenges, the option of “missing links” with
external help to pass examination. This
missing links is associated with missconcepts and malpractices.
According to Ihieme (2000) students
strive to pass by all means to avoid the stigma that goes with failure. He further pointed out that failure goes with
the impression that the victim is not bright and may lead to loss of job or
promotion.
Other factors include:
Inadequate preparation on the part of
the student: The recent economic
condition has imposed adult responsibility on some children who assist their parents
in running the family. Some children
serve as sales Girls, Boys, workshop attendants and so on; as a result they are
too tired to attend to their school work after a hard day’s job.
Furthermore, some students do not read
their books until it is time for examination.
This group of students indulge themselves in different activities after
closing from school. For example some
roam about the streets, others attend parties, while some play football. As a result of this, they are neither useful
at home nor school.
Lack of Adequate Human Resource are
Teaching Skills: In most schools in the
rural areas in Nigeria, teaching of science and laboratory experiments are
nothing to write home about. This is as
a result of lack of qualified manpower.
This case is highly predominant in senior secondary schools where
science subjects are taught.
2.5 Effects of Examination Malpractice
1. Discourage
good candidates from studying hard: Good
candidates are tempted to believe “if you cannot beat them, join them”
especially as they see other candidates get away with their corrupt
behaviours. This behavior may be
contagious as more and more candidates tend to join examination
malpractice. They believe that even if
they are caught, they will get away with it and the end will justify the means.
2. Denies innocent student’s opportunity for
admission: Many good students have been
denied admission by the corrupt ones who through examination malpractice have
better scores and grades. The best
brains that could help in research and development are likely to be thrown out
or frustrated while seeking admission.
3. Delays the processing examination scores
and grades: As every year, many students
are caught for engaging in various examination malpractices which need to be investigated
before results are released. Through
some results are withheld pending the determination of the cases, some are
decided before results are released.
This extends processing time.
I
hope this has been very informative, to order for the full material, call or
text 07034538881 or Email :obejieric@gmail.com
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