The more antibiotics are used, the more chances Salmollena has to become resistant to them. Salmollena adapt to the antibiotics used against it and these adaptations ensure their survival (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2009). A major cause of antibiotic resistance in Salmonelosis includes:
Mutation
Salmollena spp. reproduces by dividing every few hours, allowing them to evolve rapidly and adapt quickly to new environmental conditions. During replication, mutations arise and some of these mutations may help Salmollena survive exposure to an antimicrobial.Read: How to Start a Recharge card Printing Business from the Comfort of your Home with Just N5,000
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| Genetic Mutation |
Gene Transfer
Salmollena spp. also may get genes from each other, including genes that make it drug resistant. The facts that the genes related to antimicrobial resistance are often mobile, moving between Salmonella spp., humans and animals. The same genes were seen in several different kinds of Salmonella and in Salmonella collected from meat, animal and human samples, which shows that this gene is now pretty widespread (Karlsson, 2013).
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| Genetic Transfer |
Assessing the genetic structure of resistance to provide evidence that the exact same genes are flowing from animal to food to humans and between types of Salmonella is an advanced method of public-health surveillance and is something the CDC hopes to do more of in the future (Tauxe, 2013)
Inappropriate Use:
Antimicrobial resistance in salmonellosis is exacerbated by inappropriate use of antimicrobials. Sometimes healthcare providers will prescribe antimicrobials inappropriately, wishing to placate an insistent patient who has a viral infection or an as-yet undiagnosed condition.
Inadequate Diagnostics:
More often, healthcare providers must use incomplete or imperfect information to diagnose salmonellosis and thus prescribe an antimicrobial just-in-case or prescribe a broad-spectrum antimicrobial when a specific antibiotic might be better. These situations contribute to selective pressure and accelerate antimicrobial resistance.
Hospital Use:
Critically ill patients are more susceptible to salmonellosis and thus, often require the aid of antimicrobials. However, the heavier use of antimicrobials in these patients can worsen the problem by selecting for antimicrobial-resistant salmonella. The extensive use of antimicrobials and close contact among sick patients creates a fertile environment for the spread of antimicrobial-resistant germs.
Societal Pressures:
The use of antimicrobials, even when used appropriately, creates a selective pressure for resistant salmonella. However, there are additional societal pressures that act to accelerate the increase of antimicrobial resistance.
Agricultural Use:
Scientists also believe that the practice of adding antibiotics to agricultural feed promotes drug resistance. More than half of the antibiotics produced in the United States are used for agricultural purposes (Mellon, 2001). However, there is still much debate about whether drug-resistant salmonella in animals pose a significant public health burden.
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