ABSTRACT
Salmonellosis is a one of the major food borne diseases with a high incidence and severity. Antibiotic resistance in salmonellosis is a growing public health emergency since salmonellosis from resistant Salmonella spp. is more hard and costly to treat. Since the 1990, some strains of Salmonella became resistant to a range of antibiotics. Nowadays, multidrug resistance has become a critically important issue in public health. The risk of Salmonellosis developing antibiotic resistance in human and animal is one of the main reasons for this study.
CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION
Antimicrobial resistance is resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it (WHO, 2014). Resistant microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites) are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs, such as antifungals,
antivirals, and antimalarials, so that standard treatments become ineffective and infections persist, increasing the risk of spread to others. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change; antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections. So this is now a major threat to public health. Without urgent, coordinated action by many stakeholders, the world is headed for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again kill (WHO, 2014).
The World Health Organisation has recently pointed out an alarming increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonellosis-disease caused by Salmonella spp, which are due to the use of antibiotics in intensive breeding, Salmonella replicating erroneously or when resistant traits are exchanged between them. Use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs also accelerates the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Salmonella. Poor infection control practices, inadequate sanitary conditions and inappropriate food-handling encourage the further spread of antimicrobial resistance (Glynn, et. al., 1998).
Antimicrobial agents, particularly fluoroquinolones like cipro, are life saving for approximately 2,000 people each year in the U.S. If even 10% of Salmonella isolates in the United States were to become resistant to cipro, and 5% of persons with invasive cipro-resistant infections were to die, the result would be an increase of 10 deaths per year. If 50% of strains became resistant, an additional 100 deaths per year would be expected (Angulo, 2006). This is also in line with WHO publication in 2014, indicating that programs for controlling resistant Salmonella spp. are a global issue.
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