Classroom Management

The classroom is that space bounded by the wall and roof, which a teacher houses his pupils/students for the purpose of giving instruction to such pupils/students. In other words, it is a shelter for both teachers and learners so as to engage in educative activities. Management on the other hand, can be seen as the process of designing and maintaining any setting in which people work in groups for the purpose of accomplishing pre-determined goals. The idea of 'any setting' equally indicates that management is applicable to all establishments which do not exonerate educational setting.
    Adequate well prepared instructional materials determine the amount of leaning that can be placed in a learning setting. Good quality materials can motivate interest, maintain, concentration and make learning more meaningful. The need for the use of instructional materials by the subject teacher in the modern age cannot be overemphasized; the traditional method of talk and chalk approach can no longer improve the performance of students in secondary schools academically.
Learning Environment

Family Size and Position in the Family

Family size refers to the number of children in the reference family. The larger the family the less the attention and devotion of each child by the parents and the more the difficulties encountered by the parents in meeting the needs of the children both physically and emotionally particularly in this austerity period when the prices of food and commodities are skyrocketed. No wonder the federal government of Nigeria is making a move to limit the number of children by a female to four. It is a good move in the right direction although the populace themselves are regulating child bearing due to the present economic conditions. The fewer the family the better is the 'rule'.
    The position a child occupies in a family equally plays a significant role in his development and academic achievement. generally, the first child enjoys most particularly among the middle class and the 'rich'. The parents are excited and determined to give him all he needs. They are generally over-protected and have tendency to become spoilt due to the type of family they come from. Due to some of the facts stated above, some of them that are undetermined achieve low academic excellence.

Forms of Examination Malpractice

Forms of examination malpractice are many and diverse in Nigeria from 1970s experience, in addition to more crude and sophisticated methods. There are the illegal possession and leakages of examination papers, impersonation of examination candidates (Nwafor and Onuoha, 2001), concealing of paper in private parts of the body, writing of expected answers on laps, palm and stomach (Benjamin, 1997),

INTERNAL FACTOR AS A CAUSE FOR EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE

The level of knowledge and skill acquisition of students determines their involvement in examination malpractice. Majority of Nigerian students no longer see knowledge and skill acquisition as necessary anymore (Akpotu, 1998). Anyaegbunam (1979) contended that many students do not know much about the subject matter concerned in the course before entering the examination hall.

Causes of Examination Malpractice in Schools

The causes of examination malpractice can be broadly classified into two – external and internal, that is, institution and society based.
External Factors: These are factors or determinants of examination malpractice which are outside the school environment but which govern, control, dictate and interpret all that happens within the school system. Akpotu (1998) listed them to include:

Concept of Examination Malpractice

Examination malpractice can be defined as any irregular behaviour exhibited by candidates or anybody charged with the conduct of examination in or outside the examination hall before, during or after such examination. Such behaviour must be a sort of contravention of the rules and regulations governing the conduct of such examination. According to Shonekan (1996) examination malpractice is any act of omission or commission premeditated and perpetuated which contravenes the stipulated rules and regulations to the extent of undermining the validity and reliability of the test and ultimately the integrity of certificates issued. Daramola (1992) presented it as any irregular behaviour exhibited by candidates or anybody charged with the conduct of examination in or outside the examination hall before, during or after an examination with a view to getting undue advantage over other candidates. Examination malpractice is seen as a means of facilitating personal gains. It is any act of wrong doing or neglecting rules that governs an examination (Ahmed, 2004).