Clinical Manifestation of Escherichia coli

According to (Groopman, 2008), most E.coli strains do not cause disease but virulence strains can cause gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections and neonatal meningitis. It can also be characterized by severe abdominal cramps, diarrhea that typically turns bloody within 24 hours and sometimes fever. In rare cases, virulent strains are also responsible for bowel necrosis (tissue death)

What is wistar rats

What is wistar rats:

Wistar rats are laboratory rats which have red eyes and white fur that are used for scientific research in various fields of human endeavour. They are of the species Rattus norvegicus which is bred and kept for scientific research. Wistar rats have served as important animal model for research in biotechnology, biochemistry, psychology, medicine and other fields (Ben-Ami Bartal et al., 2011). The Wistar rats are outbred stocks used in all fields of medicine and biological researches. Its longevity and high rate of spontaneous tumours make it an ideal choice for ageing studies. Wistar rat is an albino strain, easy-to-handle, it is however slower than Long Evans rat (Pettitt et al., 2009).

Effect of Vetiver on refuse-dump leachates

When refuse-dump leachates were treated with C. zizanioides, the following changes were recorded: pH was slightly changed but increased by 15 % in day 4. BOD and COD decreased continuously from day 2 to day 6 by an average of 62 %. NO3- and PO43- decreased continuously from day 2 to day 6 with an average of 58 % and 51 % respectively (Figure 7). The highest reduction of CN-, Fe, and Co occurred in day 4 (84 %, 94 % and 100 % respectively).  Zn and Co were below detectable limits in day 6.
When treated with C. nigritanus, refuse dump leachates were mineralised as follows: pH relatively unchanged. BOD, COD, NO3-, and PO43- showed continuous decrease from day 2 to day 6. CN-, Fe and Co showed slight changes in day 2

Effect of Vetiver on Quarry Effluent

The treatment of quarry effluent with C. zizanioides resulted in the following observations: pH slightly reduced in day 2, day 4 and day 6 (3 %, 36 % and 44 % respectively). There was a continuous reduction in BOD from day 2 to 6, while COD was reduced by 53 % in day 2 (Figure 3), but relatively stable in day 4 and 6. Pb was slowly reduced (13 %) in day 2, but faster in day 4 and 6 at 79 and 96 % respectively. Zn, Fe, Co and As were reduced below detection in day 6.

Effect of Vetiver on Fertilizer Plant Effluent.

The use of C. zizanioides to treat fertilizer plant effluent resulted in the following changes: Sharp fall in pH from day 2 to day 4, with a 12 % increase in day 6. There was a continuous reduction in BOD from day 2, with a 10 % reduction from day 4 to day 6. There was no change in COD in day 2, but 56 % reduction in day 4 and 8 % reduction in day 6 were observed. Fe and Co showed a slight decrease in day 2 (25 % and 33 % respectively), but rapid reduction in day 4. Fe, Co and Cd were also below detectable limits in day 6 (Table 4).

Result of Field Performance of C. zizanioides and C. nigritanus

4.1.1    Growth on Land

Results of field performances showed that growth parameters varied in both species. The highest leaf length and width observed in C. nigritanus was 84 cm and 1.1 cm respectively, while, those in C. zizanioides were 66.5 cm and 0.9 cm respectively (Table 1).

Table 1: Growth parameters of C. zizanioides and C. nigritanus after 12 weeks in the field.

Weeks	No. of fresh leaves		Number of tillers		No. of dead leaves		Area of fresh leaves
	C. zizanioides	C. nigritanus	C. zizanioides	C. nigritanus	C. zizanioides	C. nigritanus	C. zizanioides	C. nigritanus
Week 2	21	29	5	7	11

Role of Microorganisms in Reducing Phytotoxicity to Plants

Evidence has suggested that for certain contaminants to be degraded, a specific consortium of microorganisms must be present within the root zone (Anderson and Walton, 1995). Microorganisms have been known to reduce the phytotoxicity of contaminants to the point where plants can grow in adverse soil conditions without showing toxicity symptoms (Raskin and Ensley, 2000). As a result, other non – phytotoxic contaminants are also degraded. Anderson and Walton (1995) have suggested that the external degradation of contaminants by microorganisms in the rhizosphere is a major factor which

Advantages and Disadvantages of Phytoremediation

Advantages of Phytoremediation

The advantages of phytoremediation cannot be overemphasized. The cost of planting and maintenance is relatively low when compared to other cleanup options. The establishment of self - sustainable ecosystems and the improvement of aquatic and terrestrial habitats are some of the benefits (Dwyer, 1997). The extracted contaminant can be a resource (phytomining) for example, Bañuelos, Ajwa, Terry, and Downey (1997) reported that plant biomass containing essential nutrients such as Selenium may be used as feed for livestock. Contaminants could be transformed to less - toxic forms,

Effect of Vetiver on Crude oil Polluted Water

The following results were obtained when 5 % crude oil water was treated with C. zizanioides: pH was relatively unchanged in day 2 but slightly reduced (12 %) in day 6. BOD, COD, PO₄^3-_, CN^-, Pb, Fe and Mn were continuously reduced from day 2 (Figure 12) until day 6, with an average of 77 %, 79 %, 70 %, 83 %, 76 %, 83 % and 55 % respectively. Fe was below detectable limits in day 4 and 6.

When treated with C. nigritanus, the following observations

Taxonomy and Description of Vetiver

Vetiver (Chrysopogon spp) belongs to the family Poaceae, subfamily Panicoideae, tribe Andropogonae and subtribe Sorghinae (APG, 2003; Marcacci, 2004). The genus Chrysopogon is related to Sorghum (Hengchaovanich, 1999). The African indigenous Vetiver (C. nigritanus) is a tall tufted perennial grass, about 150 – 300 cm in length. Its inflorescence is a large panicle, (up to 40 cm long) with 8 – 10 whorls made up of 15 slender branches and sessile linear-lanceolate spikelets. It grows on river banks, occasionally on roadsides with flowers arranged in panicles (Goudiaby and Diatt, 2003).

The use of Vetiver in the clean-up of major wastewater sources

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of Study

Wastewater has been a major source of contamination since the beginning of the industrial age. Globally, two million tons of sewage, industrial and agricultural toxic waste is discharged into the world’s waterways and at least 1.8 million children under five years die every year, or one in every 20 seconds from water related

Evaluation of Malaria in Pregnant among women attending antenatal clinic at Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of this Study

Malaria is the most important parasitic disease in the tropic and remains of highest public health importance (Okeke and Okafor, 2003). Maternity mortality and morbidity are among the major health problem in developing counties, including Nigeria and

How to run a cohort study

The first step is the definition of the sample group. Each subject must have the potential to develop the outcome of interest (that is, asthmatics should not be included in a cohort designed to study lung cancer). Furthermore, the sample population must be representative of the general population if the study is primarily looking at the incidence and natural history of the condition (descriptive).

Types of Epidemiology Studies

Below is a flow chart to help us understand how study types are classified. Each type is then discussed individually below.

ACIDOSIS/ALKALOSIS

What is Acidosis/Alkalosis? 

Acidosis/Alkalosis describes the abnormal conditions that result from an imbalance in the pH of blood caused by an excess of acid or alkali (base). This imbalance is typically caused by some underlying condition or disease.

Normal blood pH must be maintained within a narrow range of 7.35-7.45 to ensure a proper functioning of metabolic process and the delivery of the right amount of oxygen to tissues.

Sample industrial Training Report in the Department of Applied Biology

EBONYI STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED BIOLOGY

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

HELD AT

FEDERAL  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, BROWN BUILDING CENTRAL  AREA, ABUJA

PRESENTED BY

....................................

EBSU/...................

Date

DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to God almighty for he has been my source of inspiration and wisdom

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

I wish to thank God almighty for me given the opportunity to undergo a six months SIWES programme in federal ministry of environment.

 My sincere appreciation goes to my industrial based supervisors Engr W.C.G Gomwalk andMr Ebenike C. for their love , care and their immense contributions during the short period of my industrial attachment.

I will also like to use this medium to thank the general board of  Environmental Impact Assessment division (EIA) and the entire staff and management of the Fedral Ministry of Environment for giving me this opportunity to undergo my SIWES programme in the Ministry.