Major Effect of Fuel Subsidy Removal
(1) They have close relationship with flavones, aurones, tetralones and aziridines.
(2) Chalcones and their derivatives find application as artificial sweeteners, scintillator, polymerization catalyst, fluorescent whitening agent, organic brightening agent, stabilizer against heat, visible light, ultraviolet light and aging.
(3) 3,2’,4’,6’-tetrahydroxy-4-propoxy-dihydrochalcone-4-β'-neohesperdosidehas been used as synthetic sweetener and is 2200 times sweeter than glucose (Zhang et al., 2006).
(4) They contain a keto-ethylenic group and are therefore reactive towards several reagents e.g. (a) phenyl hydrazine, (b) 2-amino thiophenol etc.
(5) The chalcones have been found useful in elucidating structure of natural products like hemlock tannin, cyanomaclurin, ploretin, eriodictyol and homo eriodictyol, naringenin(Muntana,andPrasong, 2010).
Biological Importance of Dihydrochaclone
The presence of -unsaturated carbonyl system of chalcone makes it biologically active. They have shown antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, T. utilis, S. sake, W. anomala and some other organisms(Muntana,andPrasong, 2010).Devaux, Nuhrichand Dargelos synthesized some nitrofurylchalcones and tested for their antibacterial activity. Among all those derivatives the most efficient was (XVII), which inhibited Staphylococcus landon at concentration 1µg/ml.Some chalcones containing indole moiety (XVIII) were synthesized and tested for antibacterial and antifungal activity(Muntana,andPrasong, 2010).
Dihydrochacloneincorporated with benzopyran moiety (XIX) were reported by Yawadioet al., (2007).Federer, (2009) reported α-substituted dihydrochalcones. The αmethyl compound (XX) was found to be the most active and tested for the chemotherapy of leukemias.Heterocyclic substituted chalcones (XXI) were prepared by Federer, (2009). They reported that some of them were introduced for the treatment of breast cancer, menopausal disorders and osteoporosis.Garciaet al., (2004)
Bioavaliablity of Dihydrochaclone
Dihydrochaclone are an integral part of human and animal diet. Being phytochemicals, dihydrochaclone cannot be synthesized by humans and animals. Thus dihydrochaclone found in animals are of plant origin rather than being biosynthesized in situ. Dihydrochaclone are the most abundant flavonoids in foods. Dihydrochaclone in food are generally responsible for colour, taste, prevention of fat oxidation, and protection of vitamins and enzymes (Muntana,andPrasong, 2010). Dihydrochaclone found in the highest amounts in the human diet. Preparation and processing of food may decrease dihydrochaclone levels depending on the methods used. Accurate estimation of the average dietary intake of dihydrochaclone is difficult, because of the wide varieties of available dihydrochaclone and the extensive distribution in rice cultivars and also the diverse consumption in humans (Muntana,andPrasong, 2010).
Table 1: Dihydrochaclone Sources and Distribution in Common Foods
|
SOURCES
|
DIHYDROCHACLONE
|
CONTENT/DISTRIBUTION
|
|
Lemon
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(150-250)
|
|
Lime
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(450)
|
|
Blackcurrant
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(1300-4000)
|
|
Strawberry
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(150-750)
|
|
Olives
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(80-200)
|
|
Avocado
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(0.2-5)
|
|
Plum
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(20-250)
|
|
Black
Grape
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(300-7500)
|
|
VEGETABLES
|
COMPOUNDS
|
|
|
Celery
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(20-140)
|
|
Broccoli
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(50-100)
|
|
Peanut
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(0.4-5.1)
|
|
Onions
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(300-1500)
|
|
Kale
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(300-600)
|
|
Tomato
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(3-20)
|
|
Cabbage
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(250)
|
|
BEVERAGES
|
COMPOUNDS
|
|
|
Black Tea
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(60-500)
|
|
Beer
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(1-10)
|
|
Cider
|
Dihydrochaclone
|
(40)
|
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