An exercise
designed to examine progress or test qualification or knowledge. This examination is a process of examining or
testing qualification or knowledge.
The
advanced Learners Dictionary defines Examination as a spoken or written test of
knowledge. It is also defined as an act
of questioning someone in a court of law.
Therefore examination is an act of questioning written or verbally
designed and executed by a person in authority to test knowledge.
Examination: Test,
assessment, evaluation. It is an instrument for assessing individuals’ skills
and knowledge in general, and specific areas of study and overall academic
achievements (Adekale, 1993, p. 20).
Generally,
examination can be seen as a formal test of knowledge, skills or ability in a
particular subject especially by means of written questions or particular
exercise. There are three types of
examination in Nigeria school namely: Selection, grading and promotional
examinations.
Examination
can also be either internal (conduct by the teacher) or external (conduct by an
external body).
Malpractice
Malpractice is
a deliberate act of wrong doing contrary to official examination rules and it
is designed to place candidates at an unfair advantage or disadvantage. According to Marian Webster collegiate
Dictionary, Malpractice is an injurious negligent or improper practice.
Examination
Malpractice
According to
University of Port-Harcourt academic policy, examination malpractice can be
defined as all forms of cheating which directly or indirectly falsify the
ability of the students.
Barnet and Delton
(1981) have stated that examination malpractice has been a social problem for
most recorded history.
Examination
malpractice according to the Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is “The dishonest
use of the acquisition of knowledge for personal gain” Obe, (1998, p. 36) said
that examination malpractice is
misconduct or improper practice before, during or after any examination
by the examiners or others with a view, to obtaining good results, by
fraudulent means.
In Nigeria,
the first serious outery regarding the menace of examination malpractice was
heated from the West Africa School Certificate in 1977. The Federal Government in 1984 promulgated
Degree 20 to impose severe penalties on the examiners and the examiners caught
cheating. Cheating in examination has
become so internalized and legitimized among students that some of them
regarded it as a normal process of passing examination.
I
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