For better understanding of the effect of child abuse or child labour on academic performance of secondary school students single parenthood and divorce has been discovered as a major factors causing child abuse or child labour. The theory of relative deprivation has been used to explain this phenomenon.
Relative deprivation theory proposed by Gurr, (1990), lends credence to conflict handling in the home. According to Gurr, (1990), relative deprivation refers to perceived discrepancy between value expectation (resources to which one feels entitled) and value capabilities (resources which one feels capable of acquiring and keeping).
The greater the average degree of perceived discrepancy between expected and value capabilities, the greater the intensity and scope of relative deprivation among members of same collectivity and the greater the potential for collective violence. Gurr, further explain that violence (a manifestation of conflict with physical, psychological or structural hurt), in this situation, occurs when an individual or group makes a comparison with others. Perceived to be the same class or status with them and they feel less measurable due to deprivation of opportunities or resources they are equally entitled to with in the system. When their attempts to meet up are thwarted, frustration set-in and they are most likely to strike at the source of frustration (Gurr, 1990).
When parents or couples are divorced, researches have shown that the children are inclined to live with any of the partners or at times shared among the couples. The resultant effect is that the children from earlier ages are subjected to all forms of abuse. They are exposed to child labour, hawking, domestic violence etc.
These in most cases serves as the means for augmenting family economic survival. Adolescents like young children, experiences considerable initial emotional pain and anger when their parents divorce. However, they are usually better able to accurately assign responsibility for the break up, to deal with additional stresses. One negative aspect of family’s life is the effect of domestic violence on children, either as witness to or victims of conflicts which determined by inter-parental relationship child could be severely traumatized by witnessing domestic violence or themselves being victims of this violence. Domestic violence simply refers to violence between adult intimate partners. It is also said that domestic violence is a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviours, including physical, sexual and psychological, as well as economic coercion that adults or adolescents use against their intimate partners. Today, domestic violence is not recognized as a serious problem in Nigeria (Initionde, Alvede et al, 2009). Yet, children in families in which such violence occurs have remained largely invisible as victims. Children who lived in household with domestic violence are said to be at higher risk for maladjustment than children who do not live with such violence. Exposure to domestic violence can have serious negative effect on children. Such effects may include behavioral problem such as aggression, phobias, insomnia, low self esteem, poor academic performance and low level of problem solving skills (Osofsky, 1995, Maryolin and Gordis, 2002, Wdak and Finkelhor, 1998). In fact, many families in which domestic violence is present, struggle with multiple problems, including poverty, substance abuse and exposure to other forms of violence.
Relative deprivation theory proposed by Gurr, (1990), lends credence to conflict handling in the home. According to Gurr, (1990), relative deprivation refers to perceived discrepancy between value expectation (resources to which one feels entitled) and value capabilities (resources which one feels capable of acquiring and keeping).
The greater the average degree of perceived discrepancy between expected and value capabilities, the greater the intensity and scope of relative deprivation among members of same collectivity and the greater the potential for collective violence. Gurr, further explain that violence (a manifestation of conflict with physical, psychological or structural hurt), in this situation, occurs when an individual or group makes a comparison with others. Perceived to be the same class or status with them and they feel less measurable due to deprivation of opportunities or resources they are equally entitled to with in the system. When their attempts to meet up are thwarted, frustration set-in and they are most likely to strike at the source of frustration (Gurr, 1990).
When parents or couples are divorced, researches have shown that the children are inclined to live with any of the partners or at times shared among the couples. The resultant effect is that the children from earlier ages are subjected to all forms of abuse. They are exposed to child labour, hawking, domestic violence etc.
These in most cases serves as the means for augmenting family economic survival. Adolescents like young children, experiences considerable initial emotional pain and anger when their parents divorce. However, they are usually better able to accurately assign responsibility for the break up, to deal with additional stresses. One negative aspect of family’s life is the effect of domestic violence on children, either as witness to or victims of conflicts which determined by inter-parental relationship child could be severely traumatized by witnessing domestic violence or themselves being victims of this violence. Domestic violence simply refers to violence between adult intimate partners. It is also said that domestic violence is a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviours, including physical, sexual and psychological, as well as economic coercion that adults or adolescents use against their intimate partners. Today, domestic violence is not recognized as a serious problem in Nigeria (Initionde, Alvede et al, 2009). Yet, children in families in which such violence occurs have remained largely invisible as victims. Children who lived in household with domestic violence are said to be at higher risk for maladjustment than children who do not live with such violence. Exposure to domestic violence can have serious negative effect on children. Such effects may include behavioral problem such as aggression, phobias, insomnia, low self esteem, poor academic performance and low level of problem solving skills (Osofsky, 1995, Maryolin and Gordis, 2002, Wdak and Finkelhor, 1998). In fact, many families in which domestic violence is present, struggle with multiple problems, including poverty, substance abuse and exposure to other forms of violence.
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